![]() A Report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, 1965,” eric.ed.gov Browning, Pamela et al, “The Decline of Black Farming in America: A Report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, 1982,” eric.ed.gov Civil Rights at the United States Department of Agriculture: A Report by the Civil Rights Action Team, February 1997 Pigford v. 6 Commission on Civil Rights, Washington, DC, “Equal Opportunity in Farm Programs: An Appraisal of Services Rendered by Agencies of the United States Department of Agriculture. Asheville, NC: U.S.Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station.) and limited access to capital through discriminatory lending practices. Heirs’ property and land fractionation: fostering stable ownership to prevent land loss and abandonment. Carpenter, Ann Lloyd McCurty, Tracy Toering, Sara, eds. that recognized formerly enslaved people as citizens) the absence of legal protections such as wills that could have facilitated transfer of property to the next generation (heirs’ property 5 Gaither, Cassandra J. were passed prior to passage of the Fourteenth Amendment 4 Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1999 General Records of the United States Government Record Group 11 National Archives. Several factors have contributed to the decline of Black-owned farms in the United States: federal programs and policies that excluded Blacks from land purchases (for example, the Homestead Act of 1862² and Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 3 Act of J(Morrill Act), Public Law 37-108, which established land grant colleges, Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1996 Record Group 11 General Records of the United States Government National Archives. Beyond direct production, agriculture generates second-order employment opportunities and contributes to GDP growth in rural communities through related industries, including transportation and maintenance, veterinary services, food processing, and health services for employees. In some of the most rural areas of the country, this value can grow to about 18 percent of GDP and 12 percent of employment. On average, agriculture production contributes about 5 percent of GDP and 10 percent of employment. Agriculture production plays a key role in the rural economy.
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